Oorlog Rusland 21 juni 2015 - groeiende Verzameling Ukraine historische links

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Russia moves to 'revoke' Soviet decree recognizing Crimea as part of Ukraine

There was no "gift Khrushchev" . February 19, 1954, at the request of the Kremlin Ukraine has launched to rescue a very Russian SFSR Crimea - a collapsed economy and the population deported. Here is what wrote "Crimean Truth" at the time ...

http://argumentua.com/stati/30-mifov-o-kryme 30 myths about "russian" crimea 1&2

http://argumentua.com/stati/kakim-byl-podarok-khrushcheva-kak-ukraina-otstroila-krym-chast-pervaya http://argumentua.com/stati/kakim-byl-podarok-khrushcheva-kak-ukraina-otstroila-krym-chast-vtoraya

http://argumentua.com/search/node/%C2%AB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%C2%BB

https://maidantranslations.com/2014/03/16/how-ukraine-rebuilt-crimea-khrushchevs-gift/

How Ukraine build up Crimea after 1954, and Russia now returning Crimea to its pre-1954 grim past

https://euromaidanpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/krim_e.png

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The defeat of Khazaria by the Rus in 969

In 969, cries for mercy and curses against the ferocious "people of Russia" were heard from the eastern tip of Europe.

In historical literature, the relationship between Rus' and Khazaria is quiteare often presented incorrectly - Khazaria allegedly did nothing but raid peaceful Kyiv plowmen (apparently, historians were influenced by Pushkin's lines about the "unreasonable Khazars"). A typical example is L.N. Gumilev, who turned the Khazar Kaganate almost into the center of world evil [Gumilev L.N. Ancient Rus' and the Great Steppe. M., 1989, p. 139–217]. But archeology and written sources give no reason to talk about the harmfulness of the Khazar neighborhood for the East Slavic tribes. On the contrary, according to V.Ya. Petrukhin, "the view of V.O. can be considered visionary. Klyuchevsky on the "Khazar yoke", as a relationship that contributed to the development of the Slavic economy," thanks to the influx of Arab silver from the Kaganate into the East Slavic lands [Petrukhin V.Ya. Slavs, Varangians and Khazars in southern Russia. On the problem of the formation of the ancient Russian state // The most ancient states of Eastern Europe. M., 1995, p. 117]. The suffering side (at least since the 10th century) was rather Khazaria, which constantly suffered from the Rus (one can recall the letter of Tsar Joseph, where he takes credit for the fact that, "every hour" fighting off the Rus, he does not allow them to break into the Caspian Sea ).

The last year of Olga's reign was marked by a grandiose campaign of the Russian land into the very heart of Khazaria. The war began in the middle Volga and ended in the Caspian Sea. All the little information about this victorious breakthrough of Russian squads to the east comes from an outside observer - the Arab traveler and writer Ibn Haukal, who in 969 traveled through the southern regions of the Caspian region, where he met numerous refugees from Khazaria. According to them, the entire Volga region and a significant part of the western coast of the Caspian Sea suffered a terrible defeat. A little later, in the late 70s and early 80s. In the 10th century, while working on his "Book of Paths and Countries," Ibn Haukal recalled those events several times. "The Bulgar," he writes in one place, "is a small city... and the Rus devastated it, and then went to Khazaran, Samandar and Itil, and this happened in 358 [Hijra; according to European chronology November 968–November 969]." Speaking about his visit to the Khazar city of Semender (on the Terek), Ibn Haukal gives the following details: "In the Khazar side there is a city called Samandar... There were numerous gardens in it: they say that they contained about 40 thousand vineyards, and I asked about this city in Jurjan [on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea] in 358 [AH], due to close acquaintance with this city, and the one whom I asked said: "There are vineyards or a garden there that was alms for the poor, and if there is anything left there , then only a leaf on a stem." The Russians came to attack him, and there were no grapes or raisins left in the city. And this city was inhabited by Muslims, groups of adherents of other religions and idolaters, and they left, and due to the dignity of their land and their good income, in less than three years it will be as it was*. And there were mosques, churches and synagogues in Samandar, and these Russes carried out their raid on everyone who was on the shores of Itil from among the Khazars, Bulgars and Burtases, and captured them, and the people of Itil sought refuge on the island of Bab-al-Abwab [apparently , one of the islands in the Volga delta] and fortified himself on it, and some of them settled in fear on the island of Siyakh-Kuih [Mangyshlak]." And, summing up, Ibn Haukal writes: "In our time, the Russian people did not leave anything of this [property, etc.] with either the Burtases or the Khazars..."

* In those places, the vine produces its first fruits after three years.

The campaign of 969 apparently pursued purely political goals. Since the late 30s. X century Rus' tirelessly tried to expand its influence in the Northern Black Sea region in order to: 1) impose a military-strategic partnership on Byzantium in this region and 2) increase the international status of the Russian land and the Kyiv princes. The first problem was solved by Igor. According to the treaty of 944, the Russian land became an official ally of Byzantium on the northern shores of the Black Sea. But the claims of the Kyiv rulers to high titles ran into the conservatism of Byzantine politics. Despite the fact that in the first half of the 10th century. The power of Rus' was constantly growing, and Khazaria was just as steadily weakening. Byzantium, by tradition, placed the Khazar Kagan above the great Russian prince. A seal worth three gold solidi was attached to a diplomatic document addressed to the head of Khazaria in the imperial office, while the "archon" and "archontissa of Russia" received from the basileus letters with a seal worth two gold solidi. Olga set out to correct this historical and political absurdity. Probably, the plan for the Volga-Caspian campaign matured in her mind after the fall of Sarkel, when the military weakness of the Kaganate was suddenly revealed with her own eyes. The ruin of Itil and Semender was the end of the long-term military pressure of the Russian land on the Khazar state.

The Rus did not gain a foothold in the Volga region and returned to Kyiv in the same year 969*. But the basins of the Don and Seversky Donets in the second half of the 10th century. began to be actively populated by Slavs. The remnants of the former population of Sarkel were absorbed by numerous Slavic settlers, and by the beginning of the 11th century. Sarkel turned into a Russian city - Belaya Vezha. The peoples of the Volga region, only marginally affected by the campaign of 969, such as the Burtases and Volga Bulgars, fairly soon recovered from the destruction caused to them. But for the Khazar Kaganate, the Russian blow turned out to be fatal, and after three or four decades this state entity finally disappeared from the face of the earth.

* This refutes the opinion of M.I. Artamonov that the purpose of the campaign to the Volga was to seize the territory of Khazaria and assert control over trade routes with the countries of the East [Artamonov M.I. History of the Khazars. L., 1962, p. 427–429]. No noticeable revival of trade between Rus' and the East after 969 can be traced from archaeological materials.

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Son against mother: Princess Olga and Svyatoslav

Olga's relationship with her son, apparently, was far from idyll before. Growing up, Svyatoslav had to understand more and more clearly that he had no hope of sitting on the Kiev throne during the life of his imperious mother. For the time being, the confrontation between mother and son did not take shapepublic scandals. But soon it came to an open disagreement.

According to the Tale of Bygone Years, Svyatoslav became acquainted with the housekeeper Malusha, the daughter of a certain Malko Lyubchanin (Ipatiev list, under 970). It is believed that this person could rather have come from the city of Lyubech, located in the land of the Pomeranian Slavs (modern Lubeck in Germany), rather than from the city of the same name near the confluence of the Desna and the Dnieper, which, according to archaeological excavations, was unremarkable at that time. The Nikon Chronicle knows that this did not end well: Olga was angry with Malusha and sent her, already pregnant with the one who was to become the Holy and Red Sun, from the "terem courtyard" to one of her villages. As Russian literature and memoirs testify, such stories, which are generally not uncommon in Russian life, usually happened to young noblemen who got rid of their youthful complexes by visiting the courtyard girls' house. Svyatoslav's connection with Malusha, apparently, should be attributed to the time when he crossed the threshold of adulthood, that is, to 956–957. In this case, Olga's anger is easily explainable: after all, it was at that time that she predicted a Byzantine princess for Svyatoslav as his wife, and, of course, she could not like the fact that her son was getting mixed up with a "slave." Svyatoslav then submitted to his mother; Apparently, he even agreed to be baptized in the future (without which there could be no talk of matchmaking with the daughter of Constantine VII), but these were his last concessions.

Upon Olga's return from Constantinople, Svyatoslav flatly refused to be baptized: "and encourage his mother to be baptized, and carelessly not accept it." Psychologically, his behavior is quite understandable. Separating her son from Malusha, Olga probably used as justification for her action the great fate prepared for him - to become the son-in-law of the basileus. And so, instead of the hand of the Byzantine princess - an insulting refusal. The sacrifice was made in vain. It turns out that there was also no need to betray the old gods, because Christianity, as it turned out, was not at all the key that unlocks all doors. Yielding to his mother's persuasion, he lost everything and gained nothing. It was a hard lesson. And now he was also forced to accept the religion of the arrogant Greeks, his offenders. To do this meant to continue to live with the mother's mind, and most importantly, with the mother's will. And Svyatoslav rebelled.

Of course, he was not alone in his rebellion. There were quite a few people in the "terem courtyard" who were not to their liking for Olga's innovations. Among the druzhina "Rus" there were, of course, many who were hostile to Christianity or, at least, wary and hostile.

Religious and political opposition to the princess merged in general dissatisfaction with the course she was pursuing. Pagan "Rus" surrounded Svyatoslav as if it were its own banner. He felt this support and sought it. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, "Prince Svyatoslav grew older and matured, and began to copulate many and bravely." In this company they laughed and mocked Christianity. According to the same chronicle, "...Olga often said: "I, my son, have come to know God and rejoice; Once you know it, you will begin to rejoice." He pays no attention to this, saying: "How do I want to accept the same law? And my squad will start laughing at this." She said to him: "If you are baptized, you will also create everything." He didn't listen to his mother, he created filthy behavior..." Svyatoslav himself willingly ridiculed those ("I swear at him") "who want to be baptized." He no longer tried to restrain his feelings in front of Olga: "That's why he was angry with his mother." Olga patiently endured her son's antics, waiting for the bishop and priests promised to her first by Otto I and then by Roman II to arrive in Kyiv.

Pagan uprising in Kiev

The jokes ended in 960/961, when, with the blessing of the Greek "bishop of Russia," Olga began to implement her plan to introduce Christianity in the Russian land. Her destruction of pagan idols caused a retaliatory outbreak of violence. Following the glances, mother and son crossed swords. Information about this first Russian civil strife was carefully erased from the pages of The Tale of Bygone Years. But other chronicles did not hide the truth. Joachim's chronicle says that "Olga Velmi killed Svyatoslav's son [to be baptized], but Svyatoslav was not heard from, but from the nobles he received many deaths, and the Velmi from the infidels were scolded by him." F.A. Gilyarov, who, like Tatishchev, used some kind of chronicle that has not survived to this day, wrote out the following news from it: "The Grand Duchess Elena, having come to the city of Kiev, commanded her son Svyatoslav to be baptized, and he to his mother I didn't listen to the blessed Helena, I don't want to be baptized, and I beat up many Christians" (Gilyarov F.A. Traditions of the Russian Primary Chronicle. M., 1978).

But even these sources leave us in the dark as to which of the contending sides ultimately prevailed. The Tale of Bygone Years, noting the "maturation" of Svyatoslav in 965, shifts all attention from Olga's activities to the prince's military exploits. This circumstance, in turn, is taken as evidence of Svyatoslav's release from his mother's care and the concentration of all power in his hands. Thus, the past is verified here by the future. In other words, the researcher's view of the outcome of the pagan uprising in Kyiv directly depends on whether he believes that by the mid-60s. X century Olga has lost her prerogatives as the supreme "archontissa of Russia", or not. And here I share the confidence of E.V. Pchelov, "that Olga never gave up her power to her son. She retained the position of sovereign ruler until her death, and the stormy military activity of Svyatoslav, who was literally rushing beyond the borders of Rus', clearly shows who really ruled the state. It is interesting to note that Svyatoslav, having returned from the next campaign, distributed inheritance to his sons in Rus' only after the death of his mother (in 970), when all power already completely belonged to him" (Pchelov E.V. Genealogy of Old Russian princes of the 9th - early 11th centuries. M., 2001. P. 141).

For my part, I would like to draw attention to the fact that for Leo the Deacon, a contemporary and chronicler of the Balkan epic of Svyatoslav, the latter was not a sovereign ("Archon of Russia"), but "catarchon of the Taurians" and "catarchon of the army of the Russians," that is, the actual military leader . The political uncertainty of Svyatoslav's position was already noticed by S. M. Solovyov: "We can say that Svyatoslav never had the significance of a prince in Rus': first his mother Olga had this significance, then his sons." Indeed, Svyatoslav appears before us with the title "Grand Duke of Russia" only once - in his treaty with the Greeks, concluded after Olga's death. I think that this is enough to preserve Olga's position as the supreme ruler of the Russian land, since there is no evidence to the contrary at all.

So, apparently, Svyatoslav's anti-Christian speech did not achieve its goal. Perhaps it was not supported by the "Kyans," among whom the positions of Christians were strong. Apparently, it was no coincidence that Svyatoslav later admitted that he "didn't like living in Kyiv." The policy of Christianization was not curtailed during Olga's lifetime. However, armed resistance from the pagan "Rus" forced the princess to abandon violent methods of planting a new religion, which probably explains the fact that, despite an active missionary policy, Olga never went down in history with the name "Baptist of Rus'." Proselytism carried out through persuasion and example, of course, could not give quick results. At the same time, Olga took measures to ensure that the pagan rebellion did not happen again. Svyatoslav was removed from Kyiv. He was destined to return to the capital city for the title of Grand Duke only after the death of his mother.

PS

A similar example of the removal of a pagan heir from power is found in Bulgarian history at the end of the 9th century. Khan Boris, the baptist of Bulgaria, retired from business in his old age. Having retired to a monastery, he transferred power into the hands of his eldest son Vladimir. However, when he tried to restore pagan order in the country, Boris ordered him to be blinded and made his other son, Simeon, his heir.

https://vk.com/wall-43747253_141568

A major pagan uprising occurred in Russia in 1024. In the land of Suzdal, as the chronicler reports, the Magi rebelled. Apparently the reasons lay in the social sphere, since they attracted the people to their side, exposing the rich who were hiding supplies during periods of famine. The rebellion covered the entire north-eastern Rus' right up to the borders with the VolgaBulgaria. Yaroslav was forced to go to suppression himself. Realizing that the instigators of the speech were Magi, he directed the main punishments at them. He executed many wise men; apparently those who did not participate at all were expelled.

The next, and probably the last major outbreak of pagan unrest occurred in 1071, during the reign of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich in Kyiv. It occurred again in northeastern Rus', in Rostov, and again during a famine, which the local wise men used to stir up discontent among the suffering people.

The Magi claimed that they knew where the rich kept their supplies, announced that noble women hid food in their bodies and, cutting their backs, took out bread or fish from there. Many women were killed in this way, and in this cunning way the wise men convinced people of their power. The forces of the rebels gathered near White Lake, and the governor of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, Yan Vyshatich, went to them.

Initially, he tried to act peacefully, convincing those who joined the rebellion to move away from the Magi and hand over the instigators to him. In the end, Yan, threatening local residents with punishment, forced them to hand over the Magi, and then gave them to the relatives of those women who were killed by the Magi for lynching. That is, acting according to custom, and not according to the law.

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#warriors
In Ancient Russia, people from Scandinavia were called Varangians. It just so happened that the Eastern Slavs and the ancient Scandinavians were separated only by the Baltic Sea. A trade route ran through Eastern Europe, connecting Scandinavia and Byzantium. It received the name "from the Varangians to the Greeks."

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Origin of the term
The term "Varangians" was used until the 12th century, until it was replaced by the pseudo-ethnonym "Germans", which the Eastern Slavs used to designate people from Northern Europe and Germany.
Rice. 1. Varangians.
Information about the Varangians is contained in Scandinavian and Byzantine sources. In the first place they are called "warings", and in the second – "varangs". In the chronicles of Ancient Rus', this definition dates back to the end of the 11th century and refers to the events of the mid-9th century, namely to the year 862.

Of the Byzantine historians, John Skylitzes was the first to report on the Varangians in his description of the events of 1034. In Byzantium, under Emperor Michael IV Paphlagon (ruled from 1034 to 1041), the Varangians were noted for the following:

Fought against pirates.
They protected the pilgrims.
They defended the borders of the empire from the Pechenegs.
The uprising in Bulgaria was suppressed.
They took part in campaigns in Sicily and in military operations on the peninsula of Asia Minor.

In 1029, the Varangians were mentioned by the Persian philosopher Al-Biruni from the state of Khorezm in Central Asia. Later, the Varangians were reported by Sigismund Herberstein in the 16th century and Vasily Tatishchev in the 18th century, who suggested that the name comes from the word "varg", that is, "robber".

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Polish scientist Michael Krasus дійkij: I came to the conclusion that the Ukrainian language is older than Latin, Greek and Sanskrit
According to historians, the Ukrainian language with its roots reaches a depth of at least seven thousand. Pra-European Sanskrit contains more than 1000 current Ukrainian root words.
None of the European languages (except Lithuanian) are so close to their leaks. And the connection between the Russian language and other European languages can be traced only through Ukrainian and Ugrofinnian languages.
Comparison with the Russian language is not done for the purpose of its humiliation or insulting. The Russian language is in its own way and rich. You could compare the native Ukrainian language with French, or German. But it's better to compare with the one that due to historical circumstances each of us knows well, that is, Russian.
Stepan Nalivayko - a well-known in Ukraine expert of Sanskrit and Hindi language, professor - describes the impression of the heard address of an Indian guru in selective Sanskrit to his student: "Dehi me agni". He asked for fire and it almost coincided with ours, "Set me fire".
Such familiar words like "one, two, three, four" in Sanskrití sounds " Adi, two, Three, Chatura ". And here are the very familiar zalečku to each of us words - "mom, dad, nenya, grandfather, baba, brother, sister, son", - in Sanskrit sound like "mata, dad, nana, dada, baba, bgrata, swastri, sun". The list of such words can be very long, which is an indisputable confirmation that the roots of my Native Ukrainian Language reach the depths of Indo-European civilization. It's from there to us came and stayed in Ukraine surnames and names of villages, villages, cities: Mandzula, Panikar, Chandra, Khobta, Bushma, Shudrya, Gupalo, Cherry, Bakota, Baglai (Baglaiki), Vishnopil, Kaniv, Tara паcha, Uman, Yampil, Chigirin, Busha (Bushanka) and so on. d.
About the leaks of Moscow, and later - the Russian language, can tell the geography of other territories where the Ugro-Finnish tribes lived - "Miracle, Vod ,, ûgra, čeremisi, perm, komi, muroma, esti, kareli, votâaki, erzâ, merya, mes Проera and others". Their lands still retain the original names of the year, lakes, villages, bridges: Neva, Volga, Oka, Kama, Meshchera, Nara, Vyazma, Moscow, Chuds пуke Lake, Ladoga Lake, Valdai, Ryazan (primitive erzian), Suzdal, Sarapul, Vologda, Rostov and more. That is, practically the entire geography of Central Russia.
But if you take the Novgorod land where Slavs lived, then there preserved the ancient Russian (Ukrainian) names of settlements and rivers: Galych, Pryluki, Great Meadows, Novgorod, Russian, Wednesday, Voloshka, Cloud, February, Great, Border and more.
The Slavic part of the Moscow language was introduced by separate Slavic tribes who were forced to move to the Ugro-Finnish northern lands in the VIII-X century.
Later, during the time of Peter I, began and the deep influence of the Ukrainian language on the Moscow dialect, because Muscovites learned and grammar, and arithmetic, and God's word on the books of Ukrainian teachers Melentiy Smotritsky, Magnitsky, Theofan Prokopovych and others.
A prominent linguist of the late nineteenth century, Polish scientist Michael Krasusky noted the following: "After spending a long time comparing Aryan languages, I came to the conclusion that the Ukrainian language is not only the oldest of all Slavic, except the so-called Old Slavic, but also Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and other Aryan languages".
Also historical studies of a monument such as the Stone Tomb near Melitopol give us evidence that this ancient sanctuary contains many written samples even before the Sumerian period. So we have something to be proud of.
Behind the scenes:
The article of Luka Ivanitsky "Ukrainian language is the language of civilizations".
Ivan Ogienko. History of Ukrainian literary language. Stubborn. , awt. east. -biogr. will draw and absorb. M. S. Timoshik Kyiv , "Our culture and science", 2001
"the history of Ukrainian literary language" by Ivan Ogíênka is one of the stages of the scientist who during Soviet times was considered especially kramol Іnoû. Historically, accessible and convincingly, the author showed the whole world that truly thorny way through which the Ukrainian language went in terms of hundreds of prohibitions, oppression and restrictions, explored the phenomenon of indestructible her, as "souls of the nation", "the most valuable treasure" of the people. At the same time, baseless theories about "the ultimate unity of Russian brides" and the common linguistic lullaby for Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian languages.
The mentioned historian, Polish by nationality, who lived and worked in Odessa for a long time, philologist m. Krasus джуkij, the author of the work "Antiquity of the Ukrainian language" where he claims that "... having spent a long time comparing Aryan languages, I came to the conclusion that Ukrainian language is older not only for all Slavic, except for the so-called Old Slavic, but also for Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, Latin and other Aryan (Indo-European)... Until recently, foreign scientists began to convince that the cradle of the Aryan tribes was not Central Asia, but the so-called Sarmatian (or Slavic) valley. On this plane and ponyní live Ukrainians and colonists in the north, who come from them Novgorodcí.


Europe in 750 AD
Europe in 750 AD was a dynamic and diverse continent characterized by a mixture of cultures, languages, and political entities. Here are some key aspects of Europe during this period:
1. Medieval Kingdoms: Europe was primarily dominated by various medieval kingdoms, including the Carolingian Empire, the Byzantine Empire in the east, the Umayyad Caliphate in parts of the Iberian Peninsula, and numerous smaller kingdoms such as the Kingdom of the Franks, Lombards, Visigoths, Anglo-Saxons, and others.
2. Feudalism: Feudalism was the prevailing social and economic system. Land was the primary source of wealth and power, and feudal lords granted land (fiefs) to vassals in exchange for loyalty, military service, and other obligations.
3. The Carolingian Empire: Under the leadership of Charlemagne (Charles the Great), the Carolingian Empire emerged as a dominant political and military force in Western Europe. Charlemagne's reign saw a brief period of cultural and intellectual revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance.
4. Religion: Christianity, specifically Catholicism, was the dominant religion in Europe. The Catholic Church wielded significant political and religious influence, with the Pope as the spiritual leader. Various Germanic tribes continued to convert to Christianity during this period.
5. Viking Raids: The Viking Age began in the late 8th century, and Norse seafarers known as Vikings raided coastal areas and rivers and even ventured into the heart of Europe. Their raids disrupted trade and significantly changed European political and social structures.
6. Islamic Expansion: In the Iberian Peninsula, the Umayyad Caliphate established Muslim rule, leading to the gradual expansion of Islam in Europe. This period saw a blending of Islamic, Christian, and Jewish cultures known as Convivencia.
7. Byzantine Empire: The Byzantine Empire, centred around Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), remained a powerful political and cultural force in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean region. It served as a bridge between the Classical and Medieval worlds and preserved ancient Greek and Roman knowledge.
8. Trade and Commerce: Despite the political fragmentation, trade networks flourished, connecting Europe with the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia. Major trade routes such as the Silk Road and Amber Road facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures.
Overall, Europe in 750 AD was a complex and dynamic mosaic of kingdoms, cultures, and influences, undergoing significant political, social, and cultural transformations that would shape its future trajectory.
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There lived in Kiev a man whose name I always pronounce with sigh - Agatangel of Crimea. I pronounce it not because the name is rare, but because this man knew 58 languages.
Everything was unusual in his fate. His distant ancestor, a Crimean mullah from Bakhchisaray, left Crimea for Belarus, accepted Christianity there and married a local woman, taking the surname Crimean. His father Efim of Crimea was a writer and a talented educator, and when he had a son in 1871, he was given an unusual Greek name - Agatangel, meaning "good herald". The father worked very hard with his son and at the age of 3, the boy learned to read, and at the age 5 the father sent him to elementary school. Seeing his completely unusual abilities, including learning foreign languages, he was accepted in Kyiv to the famous Paul Galagan College, an educational institution that provided a unique secondary education, and by the age of 18, he knew 8 languages.
In the College, he studied from Pavel Zhitetsky, one of the most famous philologists of the Ukrainian language, who instilled in him a love for the Ukrainian language, and Agatangel, in whose veins there was not a drop of Ukrainian blood, became the most devoted defender of the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian history for life. Then Agatangel of Crimea left for Moscow, where he studied at the Moscow University at the Faculty of History and Philology and simultaneously studied oriental languages at the Institute of Oriental Languages. Then he lived in Syria and Lebanon for several years, where he improved his knowledge of the Arabic language. Over time, he became a professor and taught Russian and Arabic languages simultaneously, and history of the East. And when they asked him how many languages he knows, he said laughing that it's easier for him to say which ones he doesn't know. He knew almost all European and Slavic languages, many Eastern, from the dead - Latin, Greek, Church Slavic, Sanskrit. When he was 70 years old, he decided to learn Babylonian and Abyssinian languages. And until 1918 Crimean Agatangel lived in Moscow, but kept correspondence with Ivan Franco, Lesya Ukrainka and after the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1917 he decided to return to Ukraine.
He participated in the scientific life of Ukraine both under the Central Rada, and under the Hetman Skoropadsky, and later under the Soviet authorities. And it was all right at first, he became an Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, but then tragedies began. Agatangel of Crimea was a lonely man all his life, it was said that he was hopelessly in love with Lesya Ukrainka, with whom he communicated all his life. In old age, he began to have vision problems, he needed an assistant and became a young scientist Nikolai Levchenko, who Crimea eventually adopted. In 1929 Levchenko, like many other Ukrainian scientists, was accused of nationalism and sent to camps. Nikolai Levchenko returned from the camp as a mentally ill man, lived in a Crimean apartment for some time and a year later hanged himself. This became a real tragedy for Crimea, he began to get very ill. At the same time, Crimean himself began to be exempted from all his positions and teaching, stripped of all his titles and he lived practically in poverty.
And in 1941, a 70-year-old half-blind old man was arrested, accusing him of nationalism. After torturing interrogations, he was allowed to sign the protocols, and he, almost blind, corrected them because he couldn't see such terrible illiteracy that the investigators hated him even more. And then he was sent to Kazakhstan and thrown into a terrible prison in Kustanai, which was "famous" for a lot of criminal elements, hoping that the zeks would just kill him. But according to the testimony of those who were then in that prison and survived, the criminal zeks of Crimea adored him, gave him their bread and tried to facilitate his fate. He died in January 1942, his body was dumped into a ditch along with the bodies of the same unfortunate and where his grave is unknown.
UNESCO has included Crimea's name to the list of the most famous figures of humanity. And in Kiev, a street is named after him, and there is a memorial plaque on the building of the Paul Galagan College. Unfortunately, few people know his name, but he was the most amazing man!


https://www.facebook.com/groups/359142368476911?multi_permalinks=1091868085204332&hoisted_section_header_type=recently_seen
In the 11th century, Kyiv was the biggest capital in Europe, 10 times larger than Paris and 50 times larger than London.
On the facades of Sofia Kiev depicted four queens: France: Anna, Hungary - Anastasia, Norway, and then Denmark - Elizabeth, England - Agatha.
They are all daughters of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev Russia. At this time, the husband of the Polish princess was their brother Iziaslav, the queen's sister father. The other Vladimir was the husband of the Princess of Germany. Their mother was the princess of Sweden Ingigerda, whose brothers were the kings of Sweden and Denmark.
All Europe without exception had family connections with Kiev Russia - Ukraine! 100 years before the foundation of the village of Moscow.
Queen of England Elizabeth is a descendant of our Queen Agatha.
And Agatha Margarita's daughter became not only the queen of Scotland, but also her saint! Because for life, most temples of God built and good deeds done.
Richard the Braveheart and Mary Stewart with Agatine, Queens from Kyiv roots!.
Anna Kiev, who became the queen of France, knew four languages. The Gospel on which all the kings of France swore, written in Kyiv Queen Anne's blood flowed in the 18th kings of France (! ).
The legendary portrait of four sisters Kyiv who became the queens of Europe, saved Saint Sophia from Moscow mrakobissâ! In the 30s of her at the wish of Stalin, ideals of Putin, had to blow up! The explosive is already being laid.. The 1000-year-old miracle of architecture exactly in Kyiv caused a frog in the Moscow atheists.
And suddenly an ultimatum from France:
- If you dare to destroy the portrait of our legendary Queen Anne, destroy the handiwork of our Queen's father, our country is severed diplomatic relations! Right away!
That's how the French saved our Sofia!
Still Hungarians should be reminded
ours is their queen Anastasia. Because it was thanks to the intercession of the mighty princes of Kyiv the Hungarian king Andrus, the husband of Anastasia, was saved from death. Because at that time Kiev Russia was the biggest state in Europe and the most influential!
Therefore, so confidently behaved herself and did not recognize any ultimatumív Queen of the Vikings Elizabeth, a native sister of the mentioned queens. During her life she was Queen of Norway and then of Denmark, and her daughter Queen made and saved the Princess of England, an orphan Gita, from a hateful marriage... and sent the meanest self-employed who tried to threaten her and then gave that English princess Geeta for
Kyiv King Vladimir Monomakh!
So what do we have more: English, French, Norman, Danish, Swedish, Polish, Norwegian, Hungarian? But where is the Russian here?
©️ Dmitry Fomenko.

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https://zaxid.net/krayeznavtsi_vidtvoryuyut_odyag_i_prikrasi_zhinok_slovyanskogo_periodu_n1583100
Local historians recreate the clothes and jewelry of women of the Slavic period

  ·
Know your History
Kyiv gave Europe 158 queens.
All the famous queens of Europe of Ukrainian origin are depicted in this church: Anne of France, Anastasia of Hungary, Elizabeth of Norway and Denmark, and Agatha of England. All four of them were daughters of Yaroslav the Wise, the Grand Duke of Kyiv.
All of Europe had family ties to Kievan Rus, today's Ukraine! And all this happened 100 years before the creation of the "village" Moscow.
But let's get back to the Ukrainian queens, because each of these stories could be made into a Hollywood movie!
Did you know that Queen Elizabeth of England, who recently died, was a descendant of Queen Agatha?
And that Agatha's daughter Margaret became not only the Queen of Scotland, but also a saint of that country! Because during her lifetime she built the most Christian churches and did many good deeds.
Did you know that Richard Leontocard and Mary Stewart had Ukrainian roots-their grandmother was Agathina, Queen of Kyiv!
Let me also remind you that the legendary Anne of Kyiv, who became Queen of France, spoke four languages. She carried the Gospel, which almost all later kings of France swore by and which was written and printed in Kyiv. The Ukrainian blood of Queen Anne flowed through the veins of the later 18 kings of France. 
It was these legendary 4 sisters from Kyiv who became the queens of Europe and saved the Hagia Sophia of Kyiv from the "dark monster of Moscow! "
In the 1930s, at Stalin's request, the process of blowing up the Hagia Sophia Church in Kyiv began! The explosives had already been installed, and the millennial architectural miracle in Kyiv would have been destroyed by Moscow atheists.
Suddenly, a calligraphic letter arrives from France: "If you dare to desecrate the portrait of our legendary Queen Anne and destroy the work of our queen's father, our country will immediately break off diplomatic relations with you! "
Yes, the French ancestors were more determined! This is how they saved Ukrainian Agia Sophia!
Let's also remind the Hungarians of their Ukrainian Queen Anastasia. Because through the mediation of Kyiv and its powerful princes, Hungarian King Andros saved Anastasia's wife from death! After all, at that time Kyiv was the largest state in Europe with the strongest influence!
Have you ever heard that a woman became queen of Norway and then Denmark during her lifetime? Yes, it was the Ukrainian Elizabeth! And she made her daughter queen. She also saved the orphaned English princess Gita from a hateful marriage and sent a warship against an authoritarian who tried to threaten her.
Ukrainians had such strong roots with England, France, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, and Norway. When Moscow was not even on the map!
Who would prevent Ukraine from becoming an EU member today?
Kyiv gave Europe 158 queens and kings! And it will give more! Together to victory!

https://www.facebook.com/mike.tkaczuk.31/posts/pfbid0Bt8fm9SD6gmP3HcgK2L98qfhNBpEXNHHF9jUiT5nWfk7fQiTxCiD8y2ckSjq7in6l

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https://archaeologymag.com/2024/03/europes-last-hunter-gatherers-avoided-inbreeding/

https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/vikings/viking-age-women-with-cone-shaped-skulls-likely-learned-head-binding-practice-from-far-flung-region
https://www.livescience.com/65901-china-oldest-skull-shaping.html

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https://www.facebook.com/ukrainianmagazinediaspora/posts/pfbid02kAKuoYutTehiR5QanqzVrdMHZ2CVDuChE8Hgf1Ts6tZqvbi9L417eYHH6bGuEJ1Nl


.The Ukrainian house. A place of power. Sanctuary of the kind
Artists, writers and poets could not avoid the touching image of a white Ukrainian house, surrounded by the lush beauty of the picturesque region, among apple and cherry orchards. The residence itself is one of the symbols of Ukraine - it is a sanctuary of the Ukrainian kind. Even the name itself - "house" reaches its roots deep into the centuries, and it was still used by our ancient Scyth ancestors.
Sacred meaning
A house is not just a house where the family lived, it is a separate universe where people were born, grew up, fell in love, married, owned and died. So it happened that for Ukrainians to build a home meant not only to pour the foundation and lay the walls, but also to create a place for the native nest.
In the house - the whole living space and the world-seeing universe of Ukrainian divided into three parts (terrestrial, underground and heavenly spheres), and the home reflects these spheres of being: ceiling - heavenly spiritual world (cylinder with sacred signs, goddess in the corner); walls, windows, doors - symbols of earth modern real life and communication with by other people; the lower floor is the floor, the bottom of the back with underpass and benches, the threshold as the border of the earth and the underground worlds. Not in vain they say: "my house sky is covered, the earth is pídbita, the wind is zagorodžena".
Our ancestors were convinced that the home, as a symbol of the tree of life, carries the same features: the prise symbolized the roots, the walls - the trunk, and the roof - the crown top. Perhaps that's why the tradition of painting black paint or resin emerged, emphasizing the border between the afterlife and the world of the living, which represented the white walls.
On the edge of the house with the street, a spring was often dug and put a bench near it - with respect to those who travel: travelers, kobzarív and chumakí.
The most important place in the house is the purchase
From ancient times, the most important and sacred place in the house has been considered to be the penance. Embroidered towels, pisanki and other important attributes of holidays and weekdays were always hung here. With the adoption of the Christian faith in Russia, it was on the poktí that they began to place a home iconostasis, decorating the icons with the same embroidered towels as a proof of respect and importance of faith in God.
All the most important events in the family took place right near the purchase: engagement and blessing of the newlyweds, the wedding reception of the newlywed, the first purchase of the newborn and farewell to the deceased. Here behind the icons kept sacred relics, a joke from Palm Sunday, a piece of Easter, holy water, a street candle and others. On Christmas under the insults was put Grandpa.
Towels
Embroidered towels were the color of every hostess and also the object of pride of every hostess. They framed not only icons, but also doors, windows and chests. They were also put under bread, on the table. In addition to the aesthetic decoration of the home, the towels were also an amulet for the family.
You can read more HERE:

https://ukrainianpeople.us/%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F-%D1%80%D0%BE/

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Trillions of dollars are under our feet.
850 million tons of oil. Second place in Europe! It would be enough to cover your own market. And in the Black Sea we have another 10 billion tons of oil.
1 trillion cubic meters of natural gas. In Europe, we are second in stock of this carbon.
Over 4 trillion cubic meters of shale gas. Third place in Europe by betting.
120 billion tons of coal. Eighth place in the world for supplies of this hot fossil. 500 years would have been enough for us.
500 thousand tons of lithium is the most sought after metal of the XXI century! The biggest stock in Europe.
27 billion tons of iron ore. The biggest bets in the world!
2.28 billion tons of manganese ore. The most in Europe. Second in the world.
Over 1 billion tons of kaolin. Fourth place in the world in reserves.
9 billion tons of rock salt. Some of the largest stocks in the world.
3 thousand tons of gold, 1 billion tons of graphite, 4.3 billion tons of potassium salt, 166 million tons of sulfur, 1.5 thousand tons of amber.
Phosphorus, onyx, quartz, plaster, agate, rock crystal, topaz, fluorite, apatite ore. There are even diamonds under us.
And we don't mention hundreds of thousands of the najrodûčíšogo soil in the world - expensive than gold.
On the outside Muscovites forcefully, inside the corrupted step - they all seek to conquer our nadrami.
For 1991 year, each Ukrainian had 200 000 dollars from rozvídanih useful fossils.
That's why all our enemies need Ukraine, but without Ukrainians.
So we are not poor. We have been robbed.
But nothing's lost in the end. Now it is up to us to live in prosperity on our land or to trust the worlds.
Author : Yuri Botnar.

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https://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Ukraine_in_Ancient_Rus_through_1440

For the first time Ukraine is mentioned in the Ipatiev chronicle. Take note, don't
Malorussia, not in any other way, namely Ukraine.
The chronological book
includes several components - the Lavrentian chronicle, Novel
of temporary years, Chernihiv, Kiev, Galician-Volyn chronology in
which events from 860 to 1292 are described.
The sources of chronology are very
varied - these are princely chronicle, princely letters, reports
ambassadors, military stories, eyewitness stories, Greek chronicles, etc.
For the first time Ukraine is mentioned in the chronological story of Igor's campaign
Svyatoslavovich on Polovtsev in 1185.
Kievskaya in many sources
Russia identifies with Ukraine.
In some editorial offices e.g. in
Ermolaev List (1189-1213 g. g. ), Ukraine is called a country, in
Kiev chronicle - Ukrainian Galicia...
Also the name "Ukraine"
is mentioned in connection with the death of Prince Vladimir Glebovich of Pereyaslav,
later - when describing the events of the reign of the Galician-Volyn prince
Danila Romanovich.
Something like that...
Nobody knew Moscow and Russia at that time...
==================================
-
Higher education institutions: The Russian Academy of Sciences was founded in 1724. , Moscow University in 1755. In the Ukraine
The Ostrog Academy was founded in 1576, the University of Lviv was founded in 1661
-
The printed alphabet in Ukraine came out in 1574 in Lviv, in the Moscow Kingdom it happened 60 years later - in 1634.
-
Religion: Kiev metropolis was founded in 988, and Moscow metropolis only in 1458. The Kiev metropolis is 460 years older than Moscow.
-
Capitals: Kyiv was founded in 482, Moscow was founded in 1147 by Vladimir Monomakh's son Yuri Dolgoruk.
So, Kyiv is 665 years older than Moscow.
-
The first monarch in the classical sense was crowned in the Moscow Kingdom Ivan the Terrible 1547 in our lands Daniel Romanovich Galitsky - 1253.
-
Mongolian yoke: Kyiv lost the Mongolian yuge in 1363 after the battle of Blue Waters; Moscow lost the yoke in 1480 after standing on Hungary, and Moscow paid tribute to the Crimean Khan until
1700, including the beginning of the reign of Peter I.
-
Title: For the first time, the term "Ukraine" in chronicles is found under the year 1187.
For the first time, the term "Russia" is found only during the reign of Ivan the Terrible 400 years later.
-
The author of one of the first constitutions in the world is Pylip Orlyk.
On April 5, 1710 he was elected Hetman. On the same day, he declared the "Constitution of Rights and Freedoms of the Army of Zaporizhzhia".
The United States adopted the constitution in 1787. In France and Poland only in 1791
Historical facts to know.
1. The state called Moscow was renamed Russia by King Peter I in the 18th century, in 1721!!!
2. The Moksha tribe named their river Moscow, and the translation of this name, from the Moksha language, sounds like "dirty water"!!! No other languages in the world can translate the word Moscow!!! The word "Kremlin" is Tatar and means fortifications on the heights!!!
S. In the Middle Ages, all the cartographers of Europe wrote and guided the border of Europe along the borders of Russia (Russia is the territory of present-day Ukraine)!!! Moscow - Ulus, with its Finnish peoples, has always been a part of the Horde, and its Europe treated Asia fairly!!!
4. Moscow (Russia) paid tribute to the Crimean Khan, its SOVEREIGN and MASTER, who was the successor to the Golden Horde, until 1700!!! The Tsar of Moscow met the Crimean ambassador on the Poklonnaya Mountain, put him on his horse, on foot, under the bridle, led the horse with the Crimean ambassador to the Kremlin, put him on the throne and kneeled before him!!!
5. In 1610, in Moscow, Boris Godunov (murza Gudun) ended the Genghizid dynasty (a relative of Genghis Khan), and Alexei Cat from the Finnish Mare family was placed on the throne, and when he was crowned to the Kingdom, the Church gave him the surname Romanov, who allegedly came from Rome to rule Moscow!!!
6. Catherine II, after the occupation of the last free Russian State - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (territory of Belarus) in 1795. , by my order I ordered to call the Ugro-Finnish tribes of Moscow some Great Russians, and Ukrainians - true Russians - Minor Russians !!!
7. No one has ever seen in the original the agreement of reunification between Moscow and Ukraine, allegedly signed by B. Khmelnitsky and Tsar A. To Romanov!!!
8. For several centuries, archeologist Moscow has been looking for artifacts that confirm the credibility of the Battle of Kulikovsky, but so far without success, here is only a fable about the victory of D. Donsky over Mamay is still sung, on all voices!! 9. Pskov, Novgorod, Smolensk regions of Russia are former Slavic-Russian principals, and they had nothing to do with Ugro-Finnish Muscovy until the Moscow-Horde occupied them in 1462, in 1478 and in 1654 respectively!!! And in other regions of Russia (Moscow) Slavic tribes and peoples have never inhabited!!!
10. The Golden Horde and its daughter - Moscow, are the only countries in the world that kept their own people slaves!!! This explains the eternal backwardness of natural fossil-rich Moscow from the comparatively allocated to natural resources of European countries!!! After all, the effectiveness of free people is much higher than that of slaves!!!
P/S.
The myths of Russian national consciousness have been struck a new blow!!! At the beginning research of the gene fund of the Russian people conducted by Russian scientists in 2000-2006. They showed that genetically Russians are not Slavs at all, but pure-blooded Finns, no different from a Mordva (see. article "Face of Russian Nationality", No. 15, 2006). According to the Lev Gumilev Center in Moscow on March 18, Russian scientists for the first time in history conducted an unprecedented study of the Russian gene pool - and were shocked by its results!!! Including these studies fully confirmed that Russians are not Slavs, but only Russian-speaking Finns. The results of mitochondrial DNA analysis have shown that another closest relative of Russians, besides the Finns of Finland, is Tatars: Russians and Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conditional units that separate them from the Finns!!! In the myth about "Slavic roots of Russians" by Russian scientists, there is a fat point: nothing from Slavs in Russian is NO!!!! There is only about Slavic Russian language, but 60-70% of it is not Slavic vocabulary, so a Russian person is unable to understand Slavic languages, although a true Slavic understands because of the similarity of Slavic languages - any (except Russian). Russians live in Russia, but not Russians. RUSSIA was and is, only KIEV!!!


https://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Ukraine_in_Ancient_Rus_through_1440


Ukraine in Ancient Rus through 1440


https://vk.com/wall-176775940_20850
Were the ancient population of Arctic Siberia close to Europeans?

This is the conclusion drawn by researchers studying the mitochondrial DNA of the ancient inhabitants of the New Siberian Islands.

A team of anthropologists and geneticists from St. Petersburg presentedresults of a study of the most ancient anthropological remains in the Arctic - the inhabitants of the Zhokhov site (New Siberian Islands). Analysis of mtDNA led the authors to the conclusion that 8 thousand years ago the population of Arctic Siberia was closer to European and Ural populations, and not to the Mongoloid populations of Central and Eastern Siberia.

The vast territory of Russia contains many remains of ancient people from which DNA can potentially be extracted (it is preserved better in temperate and cold climates than in hot ones), and our country is an inexhaustible source of ancient DNA for researchers around the world. But sequencing and analysis of ancient DNA is carried out almost exclusively in foreign laboratories, since Russian ones, as a rule, do not have the necessary conditions, first of all, to avoid contamination. So any work with ancient DNA carried out by Russian scientists is of interest, even if it concerns not nuclear, but mitochondrial DNA. The article by V.V. Pitulko (Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and his co-authors, published in the journal "Ural Historical Bulletin", is also interesting because of the peculiarities of the object of study - the oldest human remains in the Arctic have been studied.

These are the remains from a site on Zhokhov Island, which belongs to the group of New Siberian Islands. The Zhokhov site is one of the northernmost (76°N) and shows that man explored the Arctic territories back in the early Holocene, about 8,000 years ago.

At the site, remains of animals, items made of stone, horn, bone, mammoth tusk, wood, as well as wicker and birch bark items were found. As for human remains, experts studied 13 samples (fragments of the skull, ribs, limb bones, teeth), their anthropological description is given in the article.

Using DNA from nine remains, the gender of their owners was determined (using two test systems for the amelogenin gene): 7 samples belonged to men, 2 to women. Based on hypervariable segment I (HVSI) analysis, the relationships between individuals were hypothesized. In four bone remains, heteroplasmy was discovered - the presence of two different mtDNA molecules in one cell. This is a rare occurrence, and these four bone fragments are believed to come from the same person. In total, the researchers concluded that the site contains the remains of at least five individuals, of which 3 are male and at least one is female. Three of them are close relatives. However, the authors emphasize that since they did not perform typing at STR loci of nuclear DNA, we can only talk about the relationship presumably.

The mtDNA haplogroup was determined in the samples. For six samples, where the authors are confident in the result, their belonging to the mitochondrial haplogroup K, belonging to the U branch, was established. For two samples, haplogroups W and V, belonging to the N and R branches, were presumably determined.

Thus, the mtDNA of most individuals belongs to haplogroup K, and this is the most interesting result for geneticists. The fact is that haplogroup K is a Western Eurasian branch. In modern populations, it is common in Europe, and its frequency decreases towards the Urals. But in Western Siberia, as the authors put it, there is a certain "prominence" - haplogroup K is represented with high frequency among the Khanty and Mansi.

At the same time, it is absent among the modern indigenous inhabitants of the north of Central and Eastern Siberia, including the Yukaghirs, who are considered the oldest ethnic group of northeast Eurasia - their ancestors settled in Arctic Siberia (as the authors write) during and after the Last Glacial Maximum . The Yukaghirs are dominated by haplogroups C and D of Central Siberian origin.

Since researchers found mitochondrial haplogroup K among the inhabitants of the Zhokhov site, this suggests that before the Yukaghirs and other Mongoloid populations, Arctic Siberia was colonized by a population that was genetically close to Western Eurasia. Perhaps, the authors believe, members of this population belonged to the Ural anthropological type.

The authors mention that the Caucasian component is strongly expressed in the anthropological finds of the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages (Afanasyevskaya, Andronovo, Okunevskaya and other cultures). The genetic attraction of the ancient inhabitants of the Zhokhov site to Europe fits into the same picture.

It can be assumed, the researchers write, that at the turn of the Pleistocene and Holocene, a group living in this territory had a genetic relationship with Western Eurasian or Ural populations, which was assimilated during the settlement of Mongoloid groups in the Holocene.

The oldest anthropological finds of the high-latitude Arctic.
V.V. Pitulko, V. I. Hartanovich, V. B. Timoshin, V. G. Chasnyk, E. Yu. Pavlova, A. K. Kasparov / Ural Historical Bulletin, No. 2 (47), 2015, p. 61-72.

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https://vilnews.com/2012-02-a-world-superpower-for-300-years

lithuania

https://www.facebook.com/ToddAndrewPronovost/posts/pfbid02cWcBmpLt1cXeNavKeSK6ix26bsZZNExihYvK5szubw7dGHtwBs4qBEHoEhGBXBDul
The Rugii, Rogi or Rugians (Ancient Greek: Ρογοί, romanized: Rogoi), were a Roman-era Germanic people. They were first clearly recorded by Tacitus, in his Germania who called them the Rugii, and located them near the south shore of the Baltic Sea. Some centuries later, they were considered one of the "Gothic" or "Scythian" peoples who were located in the Middle Danube region. Like several other Gothic peoples there, they possibly arrived in the area as allies of Attila until his death in 453. They settled in what is now Lower Austria after the defeat of the Huns at Nedao in 454.
The Baltic Rugii mentioned by Tacitus are possibly related to the people known as the Rutikleioi, and the place known as Rougion, both mentioned in the second century by Ptolemy. Both these names are associated with the coastal island known today as Rügen. They have also been associated with the Ulmerugi mentioned in the sixth century by Jordanes, as people who had lived on the Baltic coast near the Vistula long before him. In a passage that is difficult to interpret Jordanes mentioned that the Rugii also lived in Scandinavia in his own time, near the Danes and Suedes.
It has been speculated, based on their name, and the Gothic origin stories published by Jordanes, that the Rugii originally migrated from southwest Norway to Pomerania around 100 AD, and from there to the Danube valley. The name of the Ulmerugi has been interpreted as Holmrygir known from much later Old Norse texts. The Rugii have also been associated with the Rygir of Rogaland in Norway. All these names apparently share their etymological origins.
The name of the Rugii continued to be used after the sixth century to refer to Slavic speaking peoples including even Russians.
below is Settlement areas of the Rugii: Rogaland, Pomerania (since the first century), Rugiland (5th century); Rügen (uncertain)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugii

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In the 11th century, Kyiv was the biggest capital in Europe, 10 times larger than Paris and 50 times larger than London.
On the facades of Sofia Kiev depicted four queens: France: Anna, Hungary - Anastasia, Norway, and then Denmark - Elizabeth, England - Agatha.
They are all daughters of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev Russia. At this time, the husband of the Polish princess was their brother Iziaslav, the queen's sister father. The other Vladimir was the husband of the Princess of Germany. Their mother was the princess of Sweden Ingigerda, whose brothers were the kings of Sweden and Denmark.
All Europe without exception had family connections with Kiev Russia - Ukraine! 100 years before the foundation of the village of Moscow.
Queen of England Elizabeth is a descendant of our Queen Agatha.
And Agatha Margarita's daughter became not only the queen of Scotland, but also her saint! Because for life, most temples of God built and good deeds done.
Richard the Braveheart and Mary Stewart with Agatine, Queens from Kyiv roots!.
Anna Kiev, who became the queen of France, knew four languages. The Gospel on which all the kings of France swore, written in Kyiv Queen Anne's blood flowed in the 18th kings of France (! ).
The legendary portrait of four sisters Kyiv who became the queens of Europe, saved Saint Sophia from Moscow mrakobissâ! In the 30s of her at the wish of Stalin, ideals of Putin, had to blow up! The explosive is already being laid.. The 1000-year-old miracle of architecture exactly in Kyiv caused a frog in the Moscow atheists.
And suddenly an ultimatum from France:
- If you dare to destroy the portrait of our legendary Queen Anne, destroy the handiwork of our Queen's father, our country is severed diplomatic relations! Right away!
That's how the French saved our Sofia!
Still Hungarians should be reminded
ours is their queen Anastasia. Because it was thanks to the intercession of the mighty princes of Kyiv the Hungarian king Andrus, the husband of Anastasia, was saved from death. Because at that time Kiev Russia was the biggest state in Europe and the most influential!
Therefore, so confidently behaved herself and did not recognize any ultimatumív Queen of the Vikings Elizabeth, a native sister of the mentioned queens. During her life she was Queen of Norway and then of Denmark, and her daughter Queen made and saved the Princess of England, an orphan Gita, from a hateful marriage... and sent the meanest self-employed who tried to threaten her and then gave that English princess Geeta for
Kyiv King Vladimir Monomakh!
So what do we have more: English, French, Norman, Danish, Swedish, Polish, Norwegian, Hungarian? But where is the Russian here?
©️ Dmitry Fomenko.

----https://www.facebook.com/groups/445871070583511?multi_permalinks=935022125001734&hoisted_section_header_type=recently_seen

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The spread of farming across Europe. The colors indicate time scales for the spread of the early Neolithic in Europe.
©️ Figure content uploaded by Detlef Gronenborn, "Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites", 30 June 2006, Vol. 312, SCIENCE.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16284177/
Ancient DNA from the first European farmers in 7500-year-old Neolithic sites

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17 fascinating facts about Ukraine:
1. Beneath the streets of Lviv lies an extensive network of underground tunnels and chambers, originally built for defensive purposes. Today, these mysterious catacombs host everything from speakeasies to art galleries, offering a glimpse into the city's hidden depths.
2, Ukraine is home to Lake Svitiaz, one of the deepest and clearest lakes in Europe. Legend has it that the lake is bottomless and inhabited by mystical creatures. Whether true or not, its pristine waters and surrounding forests make it a captivating destination for adventurers.
3. DakhaBrakha: This avant-garde Ukrainian folk band blends traditional Ukrainian melodies with modern rhythms and theatrical performances. Their electrifying stage presence and fusion of sounds have garnered international acclaim, captivating audiences worldwide.
4. Every year in the city of Kolomyia, the world's largest Easter egg (pysanka) is proudly displayed. Standing at over 13 meters tall and adorned with intricate designs, this colossal egg symbolizes Ukraine's rich cultural heritage and artistic craftsmanship.
5. In Kyiv, there's a unique tram route known as "The Love Track." Decorated with colorful graffiti and love-themed artwork, this tram takes passengers on a whimsical journey through the city, spreading joy and romance along the way.
6. The village of Kryvorivnia in the Carpathian Mountains is famous for its distinctive wooden architecture, characterized by tall, narrow houses built on steep slopes. These "vertical villages" showcase the ingenuity of local builders and offer stunning views of the surrounding landscape.
7. In the village of Buzova, near Uman, there's a mysterious phenomenon known as the "Dancing Forest." The pine trees in this forest grow at odd angles, twisting and turning in seemingly choreographed formations, creating an enchanting and surreal atmosphere.
8. The island of Khortytsia, located in the Dnieper River near Zaporizhzhia, is considered the spiritual birthplace of the Cossacks. Today, it serves as an open-air museum, where visitors can immerse themselves in Cossack culture, explore historical replicas, and witness thrilling reenactments.
9. Kholodets, a traditional Ukrainian dish made from meat suspended in savory jelly, might sound unusual to outsiders. But for Ukrainians, it's a beloved delicacy often enjoyed during holidays and special occasions, showcasing the country's culinary creativity.
10. Each summer, the skies above Kamianets-Podilskyi are illuminated by hundreds of glowing sky lanterns during the Festival of Sky Lanterns. This breathtaking spectacle symbolizes hope, unity, and the power of collective dreams, casting a spellbinding glow over the ancient city.
11. The Ukrainian town of Uzhhorod is home to the smallest house in Europe, measuring just 4 meters tall and 1.2 meters wide. Despite its size, it's fully functional and has become a popular tourist attraction.
12. Ukraine's Oleshky Sands, located in the Kherson region, form the largest desert in Europe. This unique landscape features vast expanses of shifting sand dunes, creating an otherworldly atmosphere reminiscent of a Saharan oasis.
13. The Tunnel of Love, located near the town of Klevan, is a romantic railway track surrounded by lush greenery and intertwined tree branches. Couples often visit this enchanting tunnel, believing that walking through it together will make their wishes come true.
14. The Pysanka Museum in Kolomyia houses an extensive collection of intricately decorated Easter eggs, showcasing the artistic skill and cultural significance of this traditional Ukrainian art form. Visitors can marvel at the dazzling designs and learn about the history behind each egg.
15. Ukraine's Dniester Canyon, carved by the Dniester River over millions of years, is a breathtaking natural wonder with towering limestone cliffs, lush forests, and crystal-clear waters. Adventurous travelers can explore the canyon's rugged terrain by hiking, kayaking, or rock climbing.
16. The Tunnel of Love, located near the town of Klevan, is a romantic railway track surrounded by lush greenery and intertwined tree branches. Couples often visit this enchanting tunnel, believing that walking through it together will make their wishes come true.
17. The Pysanka Museum in Kolomyia houses an extensive collection of intricately decorated Easter eggs, showcasing the artistic skill and cultural significance of this traditional Ukrainian art form. Visitors can marvel at the dazzling designs and learn about the history behind each egg
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https://www.facebook.com/groups/445871070583511?multi_permalinks=978714373965842&hoisted_section_header_type=recently_seen
After the birth of the first child, the Slavs called a married woman either "moloduhoû", or "baba" - depending on the sex of the baby. If a boy was born, his mother automatically became a "young woman", that is, a young mother.
A woman who gave birth to a girl called a "old lady". This word had a completely different meaning in Slavs than now. The "ba" part had meaning - "to be", "to exist", "to be here and now", literally "to live". Another meaning of the word "ba" - older than "the gate of life".
Millennials ago the divine city of Babylon (Babylon) was called Babel, meaning "the gates of God"... If a woman has become a gate for other gates (a girl who will grow up and also give birth to a new life into the world), then she is twice "ba-ba". There is some mystery in this word.
Baba is a woman who gives life to another woman who in the future will also give life to another man. It's a short, but such an emne word symbolizes some uninterrupted cycle of birth.
Baba is a respected woman, thanks to whom the family and all life on earth are not interrupted.
It is for this reason that elderly mothers are called "babusâmi" - the founder of the whole family.
Elena Denisova (c)

In ancient Egyptian times, women were seen and honored as greater and holier than a man. The woman is the mother of all, giving life and teaching. The ancients believed that when a man gained a lot of knowledge, spirituality, and power, he would have the right to wear a long hair wig to symbolize that he had reached a certain level equal to a woman. As the two come together, she holds her man, giving him strength and protection. There is a saying that still floating around today behind every successful man is a strong woman holding him down.
https://www.facebook.com/ancientjargal/posts/pfbid02oV6PmNeirmNJtFvBAq65ptLdBmBGjaCT7xjhPS9XFP7ka6Ct9Bdkc2mU3kjqkU3dl

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👑 Ярослав Мудрий за заповітом розділив державу між синами:
📌 Ізяслав отримав Київ, Турів, Новгород та Псков;
📌 Святослав – Чернігів, Муром, Тмутаракань;
📌 Всевол... Meer weergeven
👑 Yaroslav the Wise by the covenant divided the state between sons:
📌 Iziaslav received Kyiv Turiv, Novgorod and Pskov;
📌 Svyatoslav - Chernihiv, Murom, Tmutarakan;
📌 Vsevolod - Pereyaslav and Rostov;
📌 Igor - Vladimir-Volynsky;
📌 Vyacheslav - Smolensk.
The year 1054. No one was assigned to Moscow. Because she just hasn't been there yet.

https://www.facebook.com/ukrainianmagazinediaspora/posts/pfbid02WG3QUnB3AsiXRYuhhetQcGd2duubdmhG3nB74kcaUNU7YTie5BKM1gvRyBSK4AJFl

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https://www.decodingtrolls.net/p/pensees-61
Pensées (61)⚡️Ukraine Origin for Olympic Olive Crown - Ancient Ukraine-Yamnaya 2400 BCE  Arata
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature  before there were Turkic and African people in Europe
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06862-3
100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06865-0
Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia

https://archive.org/details/horsewheelandlanguage Yamnaya

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17 fascinating facts about Ukraine:
1. Beneath the streets of Lviv lies an extensive network of underground tunnels and chambers, originally built for defensive purposes. Today, these mysterious catacombs host everything from speakeasies to art galleries, offering a glimpse into the city's hidden depths.
2, Ukraine is home to Lake Svitiaz, one of the deepest and clearest lakes in Europe. Legend has it that the lake is bottomless and inhabited by mystical creatures. Whether true or not, its pristine waters and surrounding forests make it a captivating destination for adventurers.
3. DakhaBrakha: This avant-garde Ukrainian folk band blends traditional Ukrainian melodies with modern rhythms and theatrical performances. Their electrifying stage presence and fusion of sounds have garnered international acclaim, captivating audiences worldwide.
4. Every year in the city of Kolomyia, the world's largest Easter egg (pysanka) is proudly displayed. Standing at over 13 meters tall and adorned with intricate designs, this colossal egg symbolizes Ukraine's rich cultural heritage and artistic craftsmanship.
5. In Kyiv, there's a unique tram route known as "The Love Track." Decorated with colorful graffiti and love-themed artwork, this tram takes passengers on a whimsical journey through the city, spreading joy and romance along the way.
6. The village of Kryvorivnia in the Carpathian Mountains is famous for its distinctive wooden architecture, characterized by tall, narrow houses built on steep slopes. These "vertical villages" showcase the ingenuity of local builders and offer stunning views of the surrounding landscape.
7. In the village of Buzova, near Uman, there's a mysterious phenomenon known as the "Dancing Forest." The pine trees in this forest grow at odd angles, twisting and turning in seemingly choreographed formations, creating an enchanting and surreal atmosphere.
8. The island of Khortytsia, located in the Dnieper River near Zaporizhzhia, is considered the spiritual birthplace of the Cossacks. Today, it serves as an open-air museum, where visitors can immerse themselves in Cossack culture, explore historical replicas, and witness thrilling reenactments.
9. Kholodets, a traditional Ukrainian dish made from meat suspended in savory jelly, might sound unusual to outsiders. But for Ukrainians, it's a beloved delicacy often enjoyed during holidays and special occasions, showcasing the country's culinary creativity.
10. Each summer, the skies above Kamianets-Podilskyi are illuminated by hundreds of glowing sky lanterns during the Festival of Sky Lanterns. This breathtaking spectacle symbolizes hope, unity, and the power of collective dreams, casting a spellbinding glow over the ancient city.
11. The Ukrainian town of Uzhhorod is home to the smallest house in Europe, measuring just 4 meters tall and 1.2 meters wide. Despite its size, it's fully functional and has become a popular tourist attraction.
12. Ukraine's Oleshky Sands, located in the Kherson region, form the largest desert in Europe. This unique landscape features vast expanses of shifting sand dunes, creating an otherworldly atmosphere reminiscent of a Saharan oasis.
13. The Tunnel of Love, located near the town of Klevan, is a romantic railway track surrounded by lush greenery and intertwined tree branches. Couples often visit this enchanting tunnel, believing that walking through it together will make their wishes come true.
14. The Pysanka Museum in Kolomyia houses an extensive collection of intricately decorated Easter eggs, showcasing the artistic skill and cultural significance of this traditional Ukrainian art form. Visitors can marvel at the dazzling designs and learn about the history behind each egg.
15. Ukraine's Dniester Canyon, carved by the Dniester River over millions of years, is a breathtaking natural wonder with towering limestone cliffs, lush forests, and crystal-clear waters. Adventurous travelers can explore the canyon's rugged terrain by hiking, kayaking, or rock climbing.
16. The Tunnel of Love, located near the town of Klevan, is a romantic railway track surrounded by lush greenery and intertwined tree branches. Couples often visit this enchanting tunnel, believing that walking through it together will make their wishes come true.
17. The Pysanka Museum in Kolomyia houses an extensive collection of intricately decorated Easter eggs, showcasing the artistic skill and cultural significance of this traditional Ukrainian art form. Visitors can marvel at the dazzling designs and learn about the history behind each egg.
https://www.facebook.com/travelfactsbible/posts/pfbid02mvMKy56dDGMoUnyYhEy2Gr5srErcUNmbUYzzrWcXqbHb8hydNowSWq59BHbZFLhil

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• =AZXfVcCEzz7Nx44hYRFt-SUA4YyzxuIdT6JiJ6VSYEaLziB6zDaDwYyVbdRlOe93NiznuuT6qQ6O_wMt16egrHM2mx_2auYPFgGViWakPBxbT0Fm4azzqOEzbagLxNc8Niy3M2YSUr4Z1Jrp5gHEOT-TnXay3RX1AJ3tjgEatgVUjROE15HPQb1G6VtW5PAwmrJMMJm40-csJnRMU7b_GtJbRqdHFvBiyr1GIqOaTKNY0g&__tn__=%2CO%2CP-R
  
  Impressive facts about culture and history of Ukraine
  📌 Out of the 12 lavras in the world, 4 are in Ukraine: this is the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, the Pochayiv Lavra, Holy-Dormition Svyatogirsk Lavra and Holy-Dumination Univ Lavra of the Studio Constitution.
  📌Ukrainian folk songs have become the basis for the creation of many world musical masterpieces. For example, the composition "Summertime" by George Gershwin was written on the basis of the Ukrainian lullaby "Oh, there goes a dream around the windows", which he heard in the performance of the National Choir of Ukraine under the direction of Alexander Koshyts.
  📌 The oldest map in the world, carved on a mammoth bone, as well as the oldest settlement Homo Sapiens, have been found in Ukraine, in the village of Mezhyrichia of the Rivne region. They are 14.5-15 thousand years old.
  📌On the territory of Ukraine there is a civilization cradle of the world, older than the Egyptian Pyramids and Stonehenge - the Stone Grave Complex in the Zaporizhia region.
  Code of the Nation.
  
  https://www.facebook.com/groups/k0styaic0mpany/posts/986108516559761/?__cft__
• =AZVWXnwtfL7iu6UClIdBrca_Zqn6C6VU2p3vGMQFr_pxzPBxRy2ddvQamHKa_rghExsTorEHV7o0jD4ci_hmeE7flHGLC1nyDLZADhDLQYdtniPgRflFg3ZKFKndf-zaPfL0HVoMomC0irDjf8y4DCmiu8hlA97EpnolhSLGu3HaFg&__tn__=%2CO%2CP-R
  UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE - in 1934 was recognized at the beauty of languages in Paris, as the best, the most graceful and richest language of the world, and took second place after Italian. In 2012, entered in the Guinness Book of Records, and since now in the first place, setting a record for the duration of the musical telemarathon of the national song. Only Ukrainian compositions flung without a break on live advertising 110 hours. The previous record was set by Italy in 2010 in the city of Pesaro - 103 hours 9 minutes 26 seconds.
  Ukrainians are a singing nation that has created the largest number of folk songs in the world. Together, about 200 thousand Ukrainian folk songs are counted. No nation in history has as many songs created by the Ukrainian people on their own. UNESCO has gathered an amazing phonoteca of folk songs from all over the world. There are 15,5 thousand songs in the fund of Ukraine. UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE - LANGUAGE OF SLOVYINA! 💙
  
  
  https://www.facebook.com/euromaidanpress.en/videos/403343409849467/
  2 songs funeral
  which
  
  https://www.facebook.com/SimpleHistoryCartoons/videos/487740709678594/
  
  In the final years of the First World War, the Russian Empire was coming to its end. It had been devastated by revolution and finally transformed into the first Communist country in the World. In the years following the Revolution, non-Russian nations that lived under the House of Romanov sought to secure their long-lost independence. One of these was Ukrainе. From 1917 until 1921, the Ukrainians had struggled to build and secure an independent country, fighting against the new regime, against their neighbors in the west, and also among themselves.
  Become a Simple History member: https://www.youtube.com/simplehistory/join
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  Copyright: DO NOT translate and re-upload our content on Youtube or other social media.
  SIMPLE HISTORY MERCHANDISE
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  Simple history gives you the facts, simple!
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  Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
  Script:  Dejan Milivojevic
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  Sources:
  Magocsi, Paul R. A history of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press, 1996.
  Plokhy, Serhii. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. Basic Books, 2021.
  Reid, Anna. Borderland: A Journey through the History of Ukraine. Weidenfeld Et Nicolson, 2015.
  Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine a History. Univ. of Toronto Press, 2012.
  Ukrainian-Soviet War, 1917–21. Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
  

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Its bit different                                                                                Empress Catherine II gave the Black Sea Cossack Host the rights to Kuban lands. Her decree of 30.6. and 1.7.1792 handed these lands over to the Black Sea Cossacks "for eternity". The Cossacks founded the administrative centre of Yekaterinodar (literally "Catherine's gift") in 1794 (now Krasnodar,RF)https://www.reddit.com/.../empress_catherine_ii_gave.../...
Archives opened. Ukraine 90 years ago was 1.6 times more
https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fochevidnoenews.blogspot.nl%2F2016%2F06%2F90-16.html&edit-text=
All Ukrainian ethnic lands that in 1919 were part of Ukraine: Kuban, Stavropol, Chornomorshchina, Eastern Slobozhina, Starodubshina (now they are part of Russia). Brestey region and Homel region (now part of Belarus). Kholm region, Podliashie, Nadsynâ, Northern Lemkov region (Poland), Southern Lemkov region (Slovakia). Marmaroshchina, South Bukovina (now part of Romania).
On the map, on which a group of historians and scientists worked, shows territories of compact living of Ukrainians, so-called "wedges", where the Ukrainian army was formed. The raspberry wedge is the North Caucasus, the Gray wedge is Northern Kazakhstan and Southwestern Siberia, the Green wedge is the Southern part of the Far East (the capital city is Vladivostok), the Yellow wedge is Lower and Middle Volga.
By the way, the area of the Green Wedge was twice the size of the territory of Ukraine, here Ukrainians carried out the processes of state-building: in 1918 they demanded the Russian government to recognize the Far Eastern Green Wedge as a part of Ukraine and announced the cultural Constitution of Ukrainians of the Far East and the Independent Ukrainian Far Eastern Republic.


🇺🇦 3272 years within the borders of Ukraine exists statehood, and Ukraine itself is already the eighth name.
🗽Kimeriytsi (1250 - 645 d. н. е)
On the territory of modern Nikolaev about 1250-925 years d. н. е. there used to be a city of Kimerian people.
The City of Kimeria is an ancient port city of Kimerians, located in the historical center of the modern city of Nikolaev, near the confluence of the Southern Bug and Ingul rivers. A city built in the shape of an oval. This is the oldest city on the territory of Ukraine that is mentioned in written sources.
🗽 Scythian Kingdom (612 D. н. e - 260 n. е)
🗽 Sarmatia (450 d. н. e - 400 н. е)
🗽 Empire of the Huns (370 - 469 r. )
("Slovians" is first mentioned by Prokopius Kesariysky in the story of the events of the year 512. )
🗽 Kyiv Rus (882 - 1240 r. )
🗽 Galician-Volyn Principality (1199-1349. ) (first mention of the name "Ukraine" - 1187 r. )
🗽 Zaporizhia Sich (1556-1775 r. ) (8 sichs, and the first mention of the name "cossacks" in 1493 )
🗽 Cossack Ukraine (1775 - 1905 )
🗽 Ukraine (ZUNR + UNR) - from 1917 to the present time.
P.S. Ukraine forever 🇺🇦

[webmaster]

And in vain, Zelensky refused an interview with Carlson. i should have said this :
- Russia never existed, it was invented by the Tatar-Mongolian General Staff - and further forty minutes about Pechenegs, Genghis Khan, Ryurik and Kyiv .
- Ukraine attacked Russia to prevent it from joining NATO - and further about Yeltsin and Putin, who until 2004 tried to join the North-Atlantic Alliance
- Buryatia, Yakutia, Bashkiria, Yamal, Baikal, Chukotka - primitive Ukrainian lands conquered by the Cossacks.
- Kolyma, Magadan and Indigirka - lands equipped with Ukrainian "fists".
- We are ready to negotiate if Russia gives us the Okhotskoye and Barentsevo Seas.
- If the US sends troops to Mordovia, we will cross red lines and fuck Bugulma
- Ukrainian should be the official language in Lipetsk schools.
- Putin is illegitimate
I wish this one, with a propeller up his ass, that whistles as he breathes, would the tower break down, huh? 😜 A. Babchenko